Cellinsight, Aging, ageing- related diseases,

Aging- a Symbolic presentation What are The 9 hallmarks of Aging? According to the scientific world there are 9 reasons behind Aging, they are generally known as 9 Hallmarks of Aging. They are Genomic instability, Telomeres Attrition, Epigenetic Alteration, Loss of Proteostasis Deregulated Nutrient Sensing, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Cellular senescence, Stem cells Exhaustion and Altered inter cellular Communications. genomic instability Genome is the genetical codes present in organisms. In other words genome is the complete set of DNA present in a cell. Every cell has  copy of the DNA. Genomic instability is the result of high frequency mutations ( sudden changes ) Because of  these mutations chromosome May rearranged, sometime the sequence of nucleic acids  or even the chromosome number May changed,( the chromosome number of human is 23 pairs, or 46 ).  Telomeres attrition Telomeres are the tail ends of chromosomes, which act as protective caps. I alread...

Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber Cellinsight.online Everything about human ageing and related diseases Old man + O2=young man      " Old man+O2=Young man" don't laugh I am not kidding you, this is the result of a new research conducted by Scientists from Tele Aviv University and Shamir Medical Center in Israel recently, and published in Aging magazine on 18th november 2020. The scientists claimed that they have managed to reverse the Aging. The scientists used Hyperbaric Oxygen chamber for conducting this experiment. The treatment inside the hyperbaric oxygen chamber is known as hyperbaric Oxygen therapy ( HBOT ). They selected 35 people who where above 64 years of age. Pure oxygen supplied to them inside the chamber, at various atmospheric pressure, They were treated inside the chamber for 90 minutes a day and five days a week, the treatment continued for 3 months. The result was mind blowing, the researchers found that the cellular level changes of the participants were equi...

Cellinsight.online Everything about human ageing and related diseases Apoptosis and necrosis are they accelerate aging? apoptosis Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Apoptosis is a Greek word means "falling off".In a multicellular organism if cells are no longer needed,or it's DNA damaged and cannot be repaired,then the cells commits suicide by a process called programmed cell death or the Apoptosis. In human beings billions of cells die in bone marrow and intestine every hour .since 19th century scientists noticed and described about apoptosis but a clear definition was given by John Foxton Kerr at the university of Queensland in 1972.Later Hovitz,Sydney Brenner,and John E Samson identified the genes involved in apoptosis. In 2002  they got Nobel prize in medicine  Apoptosis and Necrosis In our body,cells are produced by cell multiplication (mitosis) and the apoptosis is used to the destruction of cells. Around 100,000 cells are produced in our body per second and...

Effects of enzymes on aging and related diseases  Enzymes How enzyme catalyze a chemical reaction Enzymes are biological catalysts , catalysts are those substances which can alter the speed of chemical reactions.There are positive and negative catalysts, positive catalysts speed up chemical reactions where as negative catalysts decreases the rate of chemical reactions.Enzymes are positive catalysts, which accelerate chemical reactions in our body.Enzymes are basically proteins ,made up of long chains of amino acids .Enzymes are discovered in 1897 by a German biochemist Eduard Buchner , he got Nobel prize in chemistry in 1907 for his discovery of cell-free fermentation . He showed that an enzyme named zymase extracted from yeast cells can break up sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.There are about 40,000 different enzymes present in our body ( these number may increase because every day new enzymes are discovering )each enzyme catalyze a different chemic...

Telomere theory of aging Telomere theory of aging was proposed by a Russian scientist A.M.Olovnikov in the year 1971.In the year 1961,an american scientist  L.Hayflick   discovered that cultured human cells can only divide up to 50 times.On the basis of this discovery and it's data A.M olovnikov studied more and proposed the telomere theory of aging . According to the theory,when the telomeres ( tail end of  chromosome ) become too short the cells lose their ability to divide,gradually it lose its efficiency and become aged.After each and every cell division  telomeres are unable to be fully copied,therefore they become shorter and shorter.The telomere theory was fully confirmed when an enzyme called telomerase was discovered in 1984, telomerase can maintain the length of telomeres in cancer cells and germ cells ,these cells are devoid of aging and they are immortal.The telomere theory of aging got more popularity when three geneticists, Elisabeth Blackbu...

The free radical theory of aging Dr.Denham Herman a scientific researcher who proposed the ' free radical theory of aging ' in the year 1956.according to this theory the process of aging is due to oxidative damage of cell organelles and other cytoplasmic contents by free radicals. intially it was assumed that the free radicals such as ROS(reactive oxygen species) produced during normal respiratory process.The free radical theory got more attention when researchers studied the cause of cancer ,Alzheimer disease,and heart diseases .This theory realises that old age is just another disease,our old age is starting when mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) get damaged by free radicals. 1970s many scientist involved in Reserch related to this theory and in 1980 J.Miquel clearly explained the mitochondrial involvement in the  production of free radicals,the theory is known as mitochondrial theory of free radicals. Cell structure                 ...

NEURO ENDOCRINE THEORY OF AGING  According to Neuro endocrine theory the aging process is happening in hypothalamus,pituitary,and thyroid or the in regulatory action of these glands.Vladimer Dilman an internationally renowned endocrinologist put forward this theory in 1968.He found that there is considerable decline in the production of hormones in our body with increasing age,the secretion of thyroid,adrenel cortex,testis (males),ovary (females),pituitary (growth hormone) etc will falls.The production of aminoacids, peptides,monoamines enzymes etc also will decrease.it is also noted that the functional decline in neurons, Human endocrine system What are the functions of endocrine glands? Endocrine system is a group of glands,which produce most of all important hormones for our body.These hormones controls our growth development,moods,metabolism,reproduction etc. The glands includes Hypothalamus,pituitary,pineal(these3glands situated in brain),thyroid(neck)...

Protein structure  Role of protein on aging  Protein which controls the length of telomere are telomerase and a protein complex known as shelterin.a new study by Scripps Reserch Institute (TSRI) discovered a new protein named as TZAP (telomeric zinc associated protein)which decrease the length of telomeres by trimming,telomere is the clock of a biological cell,if it's length is too short the cell cannot multiply,a human cell can divide maximum 50 times,if it increase more, our life span may increase considerably. Certain proteins undergo oxidisation which are known to be associated with ageing and some age related diseases,when people turn about 80 approximately half of the bady proteins are damaged due to oxidation,the oxidation occurs because of random chemical degradation,that are associated with convertion of food particles to energy ( metabolism) . Protein's mis foldings are another reason for ageing,when native proteins are synthesised in our cells,whic...

What is protein? Proteins structure Protein is the basic components of living cells,it made of carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and one or more chain of amino acids.Like carbohydrate and fats protein is a macro nutrient it is commonly available in animal products,eggs, meat, milk,yoghurt etc,it also available in beens, nuts,legumes etc.Proteins makeup 15 % of a person's body weight  According to their structure there are three types of proteins are there,they are fibrous, globular,and membrane.Fibrous proteins forms muscle  fibre, bones,connective tissues and tendons,eg;actin,myosin,karatin.Globular protein is water soluble,they have so many functions in our body such as transporting,catalysing,and regulating ,eg; albumin,alpha globin,hemoglobin etc.  According to their functions proteins are categorised to eight groups,they are hormones, defensive proteins, enzymatic proteins,transport proteins,structural proteins,storage proteins,receptor proteins and contractile protei...

  Why we are getting old? The answer is simple,the 'errors'.The errors that happening during cell multiplication and by the influences of external factors. So many  changes happens in DNA every year,most important one is the shortening of telomeres. A telomere is the tail end of chromosomes.  The free radical theory of -ageing,  which devolved in1950 says that  the reactive oxygen  species(ROS)   produced during mitochondrial functions react with their DNA (mtDNA)  and other cell organelles, makes sever damage and declined mitochondrial functions that leads us to aging. ROS is produced when mitochondria make energy from food particles,when we eat more the mitochondria produce more energy and more ROS also evolved as by product. So having a comparatively limited amount of diet and  anti oxidant rich food,such as green vegetables fruits etc can increase life span.  Old age In the year 1961 an American scientist  L.Hayflick  disco...